Resolution 198/2025/QH15 on special mechanisms and policies for the development of the private economy.

RESOLUTION

REGARDING SOME SPECIAL MECHANISMS AND POLICIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIVATE ECONOMY

CONGRESS

Based on the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam;

Based on the Law on the Organization of the National Assembly No. 57/2014/QH13, which has been amended and supplemented by Law No. 65/2020/QH14 and Law No. 62/2025/QH15;

Based on the Law on Promulgation of Legal Documents No. 64/2025/QH15;

RESOLUTION:

Chapter I

GENERAL RULES

Article 1. Scope

This resolution stipulates a number of special mechanisms and policies for the development of the private economy.

Article 2. Subject of application

This resolution applies to businesses, household businesses, individual business owners, and other related organizations and individuals.

Article 3. Explain words

1. Innovative startups are businesses established to implement ideas based on the exploitation of intellectual property, technology, new business models, and with the potential for rapid growth.
2. A household business is a type of business established by an individual or members of a household in accordance with the law, and the individual or members of a household are liable for the business's operations with all their assets.
3. An individual engaged in business is an individual who conducts business activities and is liable for those activities with all of their assets.

Chapter II

IMPROVING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Article 4. Principles of operation for inspection, examination, licensing, certification, competition, and access to resources for enterprises, business households, and individual businesses.

1. The number of inspections for each business, household business, or individual business (if any) shall not exceed one time per year, except in cases where there are clear signs of violations.
2. The number of inspections at businesses, household businesses, and individual businesses (if any), including inter-agency inspections, shall not exceed one time per year, except in cases where there are clear signs of violations.
3. For the same state management content, if an inspection has already been conducted, no audit should be carried out, or if an audit has already been conducted, no inspection should be carried out on enterprises, household businesses, or individual businesses in the same year, except in cases where there are clear signs of violations.
4. Inspection plans and conclusions regarding businesses, household businesses, and individual business owners must be made public in accordance with the law.
5. Strictly deal with acts of abuse and misuse of inspection and examination processes to harass or create difficulties for businesses, household businesses, and individual business owners.
6. The application of digital transformation is strongly promoted in inspection and auditing activities for businesses, household businesses, and individual business owners. Priority is given to remote inspections and audits based on electronic data; direct inspections and audits are reduced.
7. Exemption from on-site inspections at businesses, household businesses, and individual businesses is granted to those that comply well with the law.
8. 完善 legal system, remove barriers to market access, and ensure a transparent, clear, consistent, stable, long-term, easy-to-comply, and low-cost business environment.
9. Implement a strong shift from pre-inspection to post-inspection, coupled with improved effectiveness and efficiency in inspection and supervision. Shift the management of business conditions from licensing and certification to the disclosure of business conditions and post-inspection, except for a few sectors that are required to undergo licensing procedures according to regulations and international practices.
10. There shall be no discrimination between entities belonging to different economic sectors in the mobilization, allocation, and use of capital, land, resources, assets, technology, human resources, data, and other resource assets.
11. Strictly enforce the law against acts that restrict competition, unfair competition, abuse of dominant position, and abuse of monopoly position.
12. Media outlets, press organizations, and individuals are strictly prohibited from engaging in harassment, negative behavior, or disseminating false or inaccurate information that negatively impacts businesses, entrepreneurs, household businesses, and individual business owners.

Article 5. Principles for handling violations and resolving cases in business operations.

1. Clearly distinguish between the responsibilities of legal entities and the responsibilities of individuals in handling violations; between criminal responsibility and administrative responsibility, and civil responsibility; and between administrative responsibility and civil responsibility.
2. For violations and civil and economic cases, priority will be given to applying civil, economic, and administrative measures first; businesses, household businesses, and individual business owners are allowed to proactively remedy violations and damages. If the practical application of the law may or may not lead to criminal prosecution, then criminal prosecution will not be applied.
3. For violations that warrant criminal prosecution, priority should be given to proactive, timely, and comprehensive measures to remedy economic consequences. These measures serve as an important basis for the prosecuting authorities to consider when deciding on initiation of proceedings, investigation, prosecution, trial, and subsequent handling measures.
4. Legal provisions may not be applied retroactively to disadvantage businesses, household businesses, or individual business owners.
5. In cases where the information, documents, and evidence are not yet sufficient to conclude that a violation of the law has occurred, a conclusion must be reached promptly in accordance with the provisions of procedural law, and this conclusion must be publicly announced.
6. Ensuring the principle of presumption of innocence in the investigation, prosecution, and trial of cases.
7. Ensure that the sealing, seizure, and freezing of assets related to the case are carried out in accordance with the proper authority, procedures, and scope, without infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of organizations and individuals; ensure that the value of the sealed, seized, temporarily detained, or frozen assets corresponds to the expected damages in the case. Use necessary measures appropriately to safeguard the value of assets related to the case, minimize the impact of the investigation on production and business activities, after obtaining the consensus of the prosecuting authorities and without affecting the investigation.
8. Clearly distinguish between legally acquired assets and assets or income obtained from illegal acts, and other assets related to the case; and between the assets, rights, and obligations of the enterprise and the assets, rights, and obligations of individual enterprise managers in handling violations and resolving cases.
9. Timely and effective handling of evidence and assets without affecting the proof and resolution of cases; promptly rectifying the consequences of damage, putting assets into exploitation and use to unlock resources for development, avoiding loss and waste; ensuring the interests of the State, the legitimate rights and interests of organizations and individuals; in accordance with international treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a signatory.

Article 6. Resolution of business bankruptcy

1. Expanding the scope, this provides grounds for the Court to consider and decide on resolving bankruptcy cases under the simplified procedure for enterprises.
2. The resolution of bankruptcy under the simplified procedure stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article must ensure a minimum reduction of 30% in time and simplification of the procedures compared to the ordinary procedure.

Chapter III

SUPPORTING ACCESS TO LAND, PRODUCTION AND BUSINESS PREMISES, AND RENTAL OF PUBLIC ASSETS.

Article 7. Support for access to land and premises for production and business.

1. Local authorities are allowed to use their local budgets to partially support investment in the construction of infrastructure systems for industrial parks, industrial clusters, and technology incubators. Support includes: assistance with land acquisition, compensation, and resettlement; and support for investment in infrastructure projects such as transportation, electricity, water supply, drainage, wastewater treatment, and telecommunications.
2. Investors developing industrial park infrastructure, industrial clusters, and technology incubators who receive investment support as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article must allocate a portion of the land with completed infrastructure to high-tech enterprises in the private sector, small and medium-sized enterprises, and innovative startups for lease or sublease. The provisions of the law on the management and use of public assets shall not apply to assets formed from investment support funds as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article.
3. Based on the actual situation and the local budget balancing capacity, the Provincial People's Committee shall prescribe the principles, criteria, and investment support levels and determine the area of ​​land with infrastructure investment in industrial parks, industrial clusters, and technology incubators for high-tech enterprises in the private sector, small and medium-sized enterprises, and innovative startups to lease or sublease as stipulated in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article.
4. For industrial parks and clusters established after the effective date of this Resolution, the provincial People's Committee shall, based on the actual situation, determine the land area for each industrial park and cluster with invested infrastructure systems, ensuring an average of 20 hectares per industrial park or cluster, or 5% of the total land area of ​​industrial parks and clusters in the province, to be leased or subleased to high-tech enterprises in the private sector, small and medium-sized enterprises, and innovative start-ups.
5. In the case of newly established industrial parks and clusters as stipulated in Clause 4 of this Article that do not receive state investment support for the construction of infrastructure systems, after a period of 02 years from the date the industrial park or cluster completes the investment in the construction of its infrastructure system, if no high-tech enterprises from the private sector, small and medium-sized enterprises, or innovative start-ups lease or sublease the space, the investor operating the industrial park or cluster infrastructure has the right to lease or sublease it to other enterprises.
6. High-tech enterprises in the private sector, small and medium-sized enterprises, and innovative startups are eligible for a minimum 30% reduction in land lease fees for the first five years from the date of signing the land lease contract with the investor developing the infrastructure of industrial parks, clusters, and technology incubators. This land lease fee subsidy will be reimbursed by the State to the investor according to government regulations. The provincial People's Committee will decide on the level of land lease fee reduction stipulated in this clause.

Article 8. Support for renting houses and land that are public assets.

1. The State supports small and medium-sized enterprises, supporting industrial enterprises, and innovative enterprises in leasing unused or underutilized public land and buildings in the locality.
2. The government shall prescribe the principles and beneficiaries of support as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article.
3. The provincial People's Committee shall prescribe the list of public assets for lease, criteria, support levels, support forms, procedures for leasing each type of asset, and publicly announce them on the local government's website.

Chapter IV

FINANCIAL SUPPORT, CREDIT AND PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

Article 9. Financial and credit support

1. Private sector businesses, household businesses, and individual businesses are eligible for a 2% annual interest rate subsidy from the State when borrowing capital to implement green and circular projects and apply environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards.
2. The Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Development Fund performs the following functions:
   1. Providing loans to small and medium-sized enterprises;
   2. Startup loans;
   3. Providing initial funding for innovative startup projects and incubator development projects;
   4. Investing in local investment funds and private equity funds will increase the supply of capital for small and medium-sized enterprises and innovative startups.
   5. Receiving and managing loans, grants, aid, contributions, and entrusted funds from organizations and individuals to support small and medium-sized enterprises.

Article 10. Support for taxes, fees, and charges

1. Corporate income tax exemption for a period of 02 years and a 50% reduction in tax payable for the following 04 years applies to income from innovative startup activities of innovative startup businesses, innovative startup investment fund management companies, and intermediary organizations supporting innovative startups. The determination of the tax exemption and reduction period shall be in accordance with the provisions of the law on corporate income tax.
2. Income from the transfer of shares, capital contributions, investment rights, share purchase rights, or capital contribution purchase rights in innovative startup businesses is exempt from personal income tax and corporate income tax.
3. Income from salaries and wages received by experts and scientists from innovative startups, research and development centers, innovation centers, and intermediary organizations supporting innovative startups will be exempt from personal income tax for a period of 02 years and reduced by 50% for the following 04 years.
4. Small and medium-sized enterprises are exempt from corporate income tax for 03 years from the date of initial issuance of their business registration certificate.
5. The costs of training and retraining the workforce of large enterprises for small and medium-sized enterprises participating in the supply chain are included in deductible expenses when determining taxable income for corporate income tax purposes.
6. Household businesses and individual business owners will no longer be subject to the lump-sum tax method from January 1, 2026. Household businesses and individual business owners will pay taxes in accordance with the law on tax administration.
7. The collection and payment of business license fees will cease from January 1, 2026.
8. Organizations, individuals, and businesses are exempt from fees and charges for documents that need to be reissued or replaced when restructuring or reorganizing the state apparatus in accordance with the law.

Article 11. Incentives in contractor selection

1. Construction and installation contracts, goods procurement contracts, and mixed contracts for goods supply and construction using state budget funds with a contract value not exceeding 20 billion VND are reserved for small and medium-sized enterprises, with priority given to enterprises owned by young people, women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and enterprises in mountainous, border, and island areas.
2. If a tender has already been held, and no small and medium-sized enterprises meet the requirements, a new tender may be organized, and the provisions of Clause 1 of this Article shall not apply.

Chapter V

SUPPORTING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION, DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, AND HUMAN RESOURCE TRAINING

Article 12. Support for research, development and application of science, technology, innovation and digital transformation

1. Businesses are allowed to allocate up to 20% of their taxable income to a fund for the development of science, technology, innovation, and digital transformation. Businesses can use this fund to conduct research and development in science, technology, and innovation themselves or to outsource research and development under a piece-rate system. The use of this fund must comply with the regulations of the law on corporate income tax.
2. Businesses are allowed to deduct research and development expenses at 200% of the actual cost of these activities when calculating corporate income tax, as stipulated by the Government.
3. The State allocates funds to provide free digital platforms and shared accounting software for small and micro enterprises, household businesses, and individual businesses, in accordance with government regulations.

Article 13. Support for improving corporate governance capacity and human resource quality.

1. Allocate state budget funds to implement the program to train and develop 10.000 CEOs by 2030.
2. We offer free legal consulting services and training in business management, accounting, taxation, and human resources for small and micro enterprises, household businesses, and individual entrepreneurs.

Chapter VI

SUPPORTING THE FORMATION OF MEDIUM-SIZED AND LARGE ENTERPRISES, AND PIONEER ENTERPRISES

Article 14. Ordering, limited bidding, and direct contracting for the implementation of key national projects.

1. The State expands the participation of private sector enterprises in key projects of great significance to socio-economic development and nationally important projects through direct investment, public-private partnerships, or other forms of cooperation between the State and private sector as prescribed by law.
2. The competent authority and the investor may choose to apply one of the following forms of ordering, such as limited bidding, direct contracting, or other appropriate forms as prescribed by law, to implement strategic sectors, key national-level scientific research projects and tasks, high-speed railways, urban railways, foundational industries, cutting-edge industries, energy infrastructure, digital infrastructure, green transportation, national defense, security, and urgent tasks, based on ensuring transparency, quality, progress, efficiency, and accountability.

Article 15. Support for the formation and development of medium and large enterprises, and private economic groups of regional and global scale.

The State develops programs and allocates budgets to support the formation and development of medium and large enterprises, and private economic groups of regional and global scale through the following programs:

1. The program aims to develop 1.000 exemplary enterprises that are pioneers in science and technology, innovation, digital transformation and green transformation, high-tech industries, and supporting industries;
2. The Go Global program aims to provide support in terms of market access, capital, technology, branding, distribution channels, logistics, insurance, consulting, legal services, mergers and acquisitions, connections with multinational corporations, and business and commercial dispute resolution.

Chapter VII

TERMS ENFORCEMENT

Article 16. Implementation

1. The Government, the Council of Judges of the Supreme People's Court, the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court, the Prosecutor General of the Supreme People's Procuracy, and provincial-level local authorities, within their respective jurisdictions, shall provide detailed regulations, guidance on the application, and organization of the implementation of this Resolution, ensuring favorable, feasible, and effective access to and implementation of mechanisms and policies.
2. The Government, Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, and other central and local agencies shall uphold their responsibilities, especially the responsibility of the heads of these agencies, in leading, directing, organizing, implementing, inspecting, and monitoring the implementation of the regulations in this Resolution, ensuring transparency, effectiveness, and feasibility; and preventing policy abuse, losses, and waste.
3. By December 31, 2026 at the latest, complete the review, amendment, supplementation, and improvement of laws on land, planning, and investment; continue to review, amend, supplement, and improve other laws related to investment and business to fully institutionalize Resolution No. 68-NQ/TW dated May 4, 2025, of the Politburo on the development of the private economy.
4. To the Government:
   1. By December 31, 2025 at the latest, complete the review and elimination of unnecessary business conditions, overlapping regulations, inappropriate regulations that hinder the development of private enterprises; reduce administrative procedure processing time by at least 30%, legal compliance costs by at least 30%, and business conditions by at least 30%, and continue to significantly reduce them in subsequent years;
   2. Implement clear assignment of responsibilities and authority among different levels and sectors of each agency and unit, clearly defining the responsibilities of the head of each agency in handling administrative procedures;
   3. Establish a mechanism for evaluating and providing feedback on barriers and obstacles in production and business activities;
   4. Addressing the inconsistencies in policy implementation between the central and local levels, between ministries and agencies, and between different localities.
5. Heads of agencies and units, as well as officials, civil servants, and employees involved in the development, promulgation, and implementation of mechanisms and policies stipulated in this Resolution, may be considered for exemption from liability in cases where they have fully complied with relevant procedures and regulations, acted without self-interest in the performance of their duties, but suffered losses due to objective risks.
   Organizations and individuals with achievements in implementing this Resolution will be rewarded according to the provisions of the law. Strict action will be taken against acts of corruption, profiteering, and harassment by officials and civil servants during the implementation of this Resolution.
6. The National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Central Committee of the Vietnam Fatherland Front, the National Council, the Committees of the National Assembly, the National Assembly delegations and National Assembly deputies, and People's Councils at all levels, within their respective duties and powers, shall supervise the implementation of this Resolution.

Article 17. Terms enforcement

1. This resolution takes effect from the date of its adoption by the National Assembly.
2. In cases where there are differing provisions on the same issue between this Resolution and other laws or resolutions of the National Assembly, the provisions of this Resolution shall apply. If other legal documents provide more favorable or advantageous mechanisms or policies than those in this Resolution, the provisions of those legal documents shall apply.

This resolution was adopted by the 5th National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 9th session on November 17, 2025.